Legal issues 

IN 1. What is a fire fighting area? Areas and sectors of fire extinguishing Definition of areas and sectors of a fire

Combat area (CU) on fire- this is an area where forces and means are concentrated, united by a specific task and unified leadership. The control of forces and assets at the combat site is carried out by the head of the combat site (NBU) and carries out part of the general decision made by the RTP.


The responsibilities of the head of the fire fighting area are determined by the BUPO. The NBU is subordinate to the RTP and is responsible for the fulfillment of the combat mission and the safety of the personal Lstav at the combat site. He conducts continuous reconnaissance and reports to the RTP on the situation, ensures interaction between units, makes decisions on the reshuffling of forces and assets with a subsequent report to the RTP.

The number of combat areas in a fire and the volume of tasks for each of them, the amount of forces and means assigned, determines the RTP. The head of the operational headquarters can appoint the heads of the BU and monitor the implementation of the decision of the RTP, with a subsequent report from the RTP on the decision made.

The numbering of combat areas begins, as a rule, from the decisive direction in the fire, and the commanders of the combat area are appointed as the head of the combat area.

The situation during a fire, as well as the operational-tactical features of the object, determine the principles for the placement of combat areas; they can be distributed according to:

territory of the fire object; floors of the building; staircases; fire barriers or zones;

types of fire work (extinguishing, protection, rescue, smoke control, etc.) (Fig. 7.2).

BUs are created in open fires of timber warehouses, forests, peat enterprises, or a large building fire, if the whole building is engulfed in flames. At the same time, the RTP must strictly determine the guidelines for the control center, its boundaries, and the means of interaction with neighboring control centers throughout the entire territory of the facility.

If there is a fire in multi-storey buildings, the RTP organizes combat areas by floor: on the fire floor, above and below the floors located, the boundaries of the control room in these cases are the floors of the building.


In case of fires in a building, combat areas can also be created in sections bounded by stairwells.

In industrial buildings, it is most advisable to create combat areas along fire barriers or zones.

During fires in tank farms, combat areas are created according to the type of work: cooling burning and neighboring tanks; carrying out a foam attack, creating an embankment, draining or pumping flammable liquids and gases. At any fire where there is a threat to people, combat areas are created to rescue and evacuate people.

Combat areas are organized in such a way that the head of the combat area can get to the combat positions of the gunners.

The dimensions of the combat area depend

A fire extinguishing area (FSA) is an area where forces and means are concentrated, united by a specific task and unified leadership.

3.14. When three or more fire extinguishing units are created in a fire, by decision of the fire extinguishing director, fire extinguishing sectors (hereinafter referred to as STPs) are organized, combining several USFs. The main actions at the UTP are headed by the head of the UTP, in the STP - by the head of the STP. The heads of firefighting operations and firefighting operations are appointed as fire extinguishing managers.

34. Firefighters. Actions of a firefighter when opening and dismantling a structure

Firefighters- personnel of management bodies and departments fire department, volunteer firefighters, military personnel, employees and workers of internal affairs bodies, other emergency and rescue units, as well as life support services of settlements and facilities, directly involved in fire extinguishing.

Opening and dismantling of structures- special actions of personnel fire department, determined by the situation on fire and carried out for the purposes of:

· clarification of location burning;

· detection of hidden sources of combustion and determination of their boundaries and distribution paths;

penetration into fire-damaged or explosion facilities for provision saving people, protection and evacuation property and animals;

· limiting the spread of fire;

· most successful application OTV;

· creating gaps in the tracks combustion spread;

· removal smoke, gases and temperature reduction;

· changing the direction of movement of gas flows and reducing the rate of combustion propagation;

· eliminating the threat collapse of structures;

· performing other work.

The structures are opened and dismantled to the extent necessary to fully carry out the planned work on fire extinguishing. The place and scope of this work are determined RTP and every commander on his assigned combat area on fire. Depending on the location of the fire and fire development conditions actions to open or dismantle structures must be carried out in compliance with certain rules. Thus, to detect a hidden source of fire, remove smoke and use fire extinguishing agents, the structures are opened (disassembled) after ready-to-use structures are installed at the site of these works. fire extinguishing agents. To speed up work on the device openings in walls, partitions and ceilings it is necessary to use rescue tool.



35. Extinguishing fires in low temperatures

Extinguishing fires at low temperatures (-10°C and below) is complicated by the possibility of interruptions in the operation of fire equipment and frostbite of personnel.
When extinguishing fires in low temperatures, you must:

· use high-flow fire nozzles on open fires and when there is a sufficient amount of water, do not allow the use of overlapping nozzles and spray nozzles;

· lay lines of rubberized and latex hoses of large diameters, install hose branches inside buildings if possible, and insulate them when installed outside;

· protect hose coupling heads using available means, including snow;

· when supplying water from reservoirs or fire hydrants, first supply water from the pump to the free pipe and only when the pump is operating steadily, supply water to the hose line;

· if water consumption decreases, heat it in the pump, increasing the engine speed;

· avoid blocking fire trunks and hose branches, do not allow pumps to be turned off;

· at a temperature of -15°C and below, at a distance of at least 1.5-2 m from the existing hose line, provide backup hose lines, primarily to the shafts that operate in the decisive direction;

· lay hose lines without creases and, if possible, without bends;

· when replacing and cleaning fire hoses, expanding the line, do not stop the water supply, but carry out the specified work from the side of the trunk, reducing the pressure, attracting as many personnel as possible for this purpose;

· determine hot water filling points and, if necessary, fill the tanks with it;

· warm frozen hoses in places of kinks and joints with hot water, steam or heated gases; frozen connection heads (branches and trunks) in some cases can be warmed up with blowtorches and torches;



· prepare places for heating the participants in the firefighting and those being rescued and concentrate in these places a reserve of combat clothing for personnel;

· avoid attaching hose lines to fire escapes and near them, and do not allow the ladders to be doused with water;

· do not allow water to be removed through stairwells.

36. Fighting fires in strong winds

Extinguishing fires in strong winds is characterized by a high rate of combustion of substances, the possibility of sparks flying over significant distances with the formation of new fires.

When extinguishing fires in strong winds, you must:

extinguish with powerful jets;

ensure that, starting from the flanks, jets of water cover the entire burning object in the shortest possible time;

create a reserve of forces and means to extinguish new fires;

organize observation and protection of objects located on the leeward side by setting up posts and sending patrols, giving them the necessary forces and means;

in especially threatening cases, create fire breaks on the main routes of fire spread, up to the dismantling of individual buildings and structures;

provide for the possibility of active maneuver (redeployment, retreat, etc.) of forces and means in the event of a sudden change in the situation, including wind direction.

37. Extinguishing fires when there is a lack of water

When extinguishing a fire in conditions of lack of water, you must:

take measures to use other fire extinguishing agents;

organize the supply of trunks only in the decisive direction, ensuring the localization of the fire in other areas by dismantling structures and creating the necessary gaps;

conduct additional exploration of water sources to identify water reserves (artesian wells, vats, cooling towers, wells, water drains, etc.);

organize the supply of water to extinguish developed fires using pumping stations, sea and river vessels, fire trains, as well as pumping fire trucks;

if it is impossible to supply water through the main hose lines (lack of hoses, equipment, fire trucks, water sources), organize the supply of water by tankers, fuel trucks, sprinklers and other vehicles. Use such a number of trunks, the continuous operation of which is ensured by supplies of supplied water;

organize a point for refilling equipment with fire extinguishing agents and appoint a person responsible for its uninterrupted operation;

replenish small-capacity reservoirs;

if the height difference between the fire truck and the water level in the reservoir exceeds the maximum suction height of the pumps or there are no approaches to the reservoirs, organize water intake using fire hydraulic elevators, motor pumps and other means;

organize the construction of temporary fire ponds and piers when extinguishing large, complex and long-lasting fires;

feed trunks with small-diameter nozzles, use overlapping spray trunks, use wetting agents and foam, ensuring economical use of water;

in case of low pressure in the water supply system, take measures to increase it. Take water from fire hydrants through rigid suction fire hoses or from hydrant wells;

if there are no water sources at the fire site and there is nowhere and nothing to supply water with, organize work to prevent the spread of fire by dismantling structures, removing burning objects and individual building structures, or demolishing buildings and structures. In winter, organize backfilling of burning structures and materials with snow.

38. Extinguishing fires in conditions of particular danger to personnel

The following may pose a particular danger to personnel when extinguishing fires:

Explosions of explosives, gas and dust mixtures;

Contact with potent, toxic, hazardous chemical substances (HAS);

Radioactive exposure of personnel, including during the formation of a radioactive cloud and radioactive fallout; - we don't have this

Rapid spread of fire.

When extinguishing fires in organizations with hazardous chemicals, it is necessary to:

Together with the administration of the organization, determine fire extinguishing and protective equipment, as well as the maximum permissible time for personnel to stay in the contaminated area;

Provide the required number of spray nozzles to protect firefighting participants and equipment from the effects of hazardous chemicals;

Install fire trucks outside the danger zone;

Fire extinguishing in a hazardous area should be carried out using a minimum number of personnel provided with personal protective equipment;

Evacuate people from the danger zone;

After a fire, organize sanitary treatment of personnel working in the danger zone, decontaminate clothing, fire fighting equipment and fire-fighting equipment.

When extinguishing fires in organizations with the presence of radioactive substances, it is necessary:

Include specialists from the organization and radiation monitoring service into the operational headquarters;

Together with the administration of the organization, establish the type and level of radiation, the boundaries of the danger zone and the time of work of personnel in various areas of the zone;

Proceed to extinguish a fire only after receiving written permission from the organization’s administration, including during non-working hours;

In agreement with the administration of the organization, select fire extinguishing agents;

Organize, through the administration of the organization, radiation monitoring, a decontamination point, sanitary treatment and medical care, and, if necessary, provide personnel with special medications;

Ensure extinguishing of open technological installations with the presence of radioactive substances and sources of ionizing radiation on the windward side;

In agreement with the administration of the organization, to reduce the spread zone of radioactive aerosols, use ventilation systems and other means;

Carry out work with the involvement of the minimum required number of personnel, providing them with personal protective equipment, means of individual and group radiation monitoring, and protective clothing;

Create a reserve of forces and equipment, GDZS units, protective clothing and individual and group radiation monitoring devices, which should be located outside the zone of radioactive contamination;

When extinguishing a fire in organizations with the presence of explosive materials (EM), it is necessary:

Together with the administration of the organization, establish the type of explosive, the hazardous factors of the explosion, the presence and size of the danger zone, the location and number of explosives, as well as methods of their evacuation, the condition of the process equipment and fire extinguishing installations, use serviceable fire extinguishing installations;

Establish a single danger signal to quickly alert those working in the danger zone and notify personnel about it;

Within the danger zone, trunks with increased water flow should be put into operation taking into account the sensitivity of the fire fighting equipment to detonation, and also use special fire-fighting equipment (tanks, robots);

Simultaneously with extinguishing, cool technological devices that are threatened by high temperatures, irrigate non-burning open explosives, and, if possible, evacuate the explosives;

Be careful when evacuating the aircraft, dismantling and opening structures so as not to cause an explosion as a result of mechanical impacts;

Lay hose lines towards the corners of buildings and structures, using protective military equipment whenever possible;

Provide a backup option for deploying forces and assets from water sources located outside the area of ​​possible damage;

Provide protection for personnel and fire equipment from damage from a blast wave, fragments and fragments of flying structures using body armor, shields, military-style metal helmets, various types of shelters (embankments, caponiers, tunnels);

Organize reconnaissance and conduct continuous monitoring of changes in the fire situation, primarily of the surrounding warehouses and structures that have the highest load of military equipment, in order to timely determine new boundaries of the danger zone and withdraw personnel and equipment beyond its boundaries;

Post sentinels with extinguishing equipment to eliminate new fires arising from burning parts of the building and materials flying apart during the explosion.

When combustion materials are burning quietly, as well as when they are in a molten (plastic) state, use foam, sprayed water and other types of fire extinguishing agents.

39. What safety measures must be observed when performing work on opening elements of building structures?

Opening and dismantling of structures is carried out by order of the RTP or the person responsible for the work (head of the section), and in exceptional cases - the squad commander, who bear full responsibility for the implementation of this work. The work manager must indicate who will perform the opening, the purpose and location of the opening, the size of the opening area or the volume of work. For example: “Firefighters Ivanov and Petrov To release smoke, open the roof at the ridge near the fire wall on an area of ​​5 m2”, “Firefighters Boytsov and Sidorov! To detect burning structures, open the floor above the void space on an area of ​​2 m2”

Carrying a firefighting tool is carried out according to commands, which indicate which tool needs to be presented or removed. For example: "Ball scrap - give!"; “Gaff-remove!”

The fireman's crowbar is carried in the right hand with a hook or ring in front and upwards. When climbing fire escapes, crowbars are attached to a carabiner or to a strap worn over the right shoulder

The hook is carried behind the back, point down, while the rope of the hook is thrown over the left shoulder and secured with a loop to the hook on the side of the right hip.

The hook is carried in the right hand or on the shoulder, with the tip backward or upward. The gaff is raised to a height using a rope.

The shovel is carried in the hand with the blade down - back or on the shoulder with the blade up - back. Fire axes are carried in the hand with the butt forward.

The rest of the tools and fire extinguishing devices are delivered to the work site in a convenient and safe position for carrying. Nozzles, attachments and other elements of the tool must be carried in special bags with straps worn over the shoulder

To enter the floors of a building through a window, you must try to open it by pressing on the left (since the left side of the window frame in relation to the fireman opens first into the room) window sash without breaking the glass. If the window is locked, you need to carefully break the glass with the flat side of an ax so that you can stick your hand in and open the locks. Glass must be broken in the window or the smallest size in the sashes. When hitting glass with an ax, you must keep your hands to the side, otherwise the glass may slide over the ax and cut your hand or fall on your head.

It is forbidden to unnecessarily knock out all glass and especially binding frames.

Before sticking your hand into the hole, you need to quickly but carefully remove the small pieces of glass so as not to cut your hand.

If it is impossible to break glass in the situation created by a fire or the glazing has design features, then it is necessary to open the frame with an ax. To do this, you must first remove the bar covering the gap (if there is one), insert the ax blade into the gap between the doors and press the ax handle to the left if the doors open into the room, or to the right if they open from the room.

40. What is used to rescue people and property from heights?

Car ladders and car lifts;

Stationary and manual fire escapes;

Rescue devices (sleeves, ropes, ladders, etc.);

Respiratory protection devices;

Emergency rescue equipment and devices;

Inflatable and shock-absorbing devices;

Aircrafts;

Other available, but only standard, tested means.

Main escape routes:

Main entrances and exits;

Emergency exits;

Window openings, balconies, loggias, galleries;

Hatches in ceilings;

Openings in partitions, walls and ceilings made by firefighters.

Note: the number of exits for evacuating people from buildings must be at least two; the minimum width of the evacuation route is at least 1 m, and the minimum height of the passage is at least 2 m.

Measures to prevent panic:

Firefighting equipment is placed so that people can see it and the actions of firefighters;

Experienced firefighters are sent to crowded places;

To contact people, they use a public address system, public address system, posters, etc.

If there are foreigners, translators and people who know foreign languages ​​are involved.

Options for fire departments:

A sufficient amount of forces and means arrived at the fire - the RTP is obliged to immediately organize and personally lead rescue operations and at the same time, according to his instructions, carry out the combat deployment of forces and means to extinguish the fire;

If people are threatened by fire and escape routes are cut off or may be cut off, supplying guns for rescue is mandatory;

A sufficient amount of forces and resources arrived at the fire and there is no direct threat to people’s lives, and the RTP is confident that the fire can be quickly extinguished - the actions of the units are aimed at preventing panic and simultaneously extinguishing the fire:

If the forces and means to simultaneously extinguish the fire and save people are not enough, rescue operations are carried out followed by extinguishing the fire; supplying barrels to places where people are directly, as well as on rescue routes, threatened by fire is mandatory.

Rescue operations in case of fire are stopped after inspection of all possible locations of people and the absence of those in need of rescue.

Safety requirements for rescuing people and property.

When rescuing people and property in a fire, operational officials are required to determine the procedure and methods for rescuing people, depending on the situation and condition of the people who need to be assisted, and take measures to protect those being rescued from the dangerous factors of the fire.

Rescue work is carried out quickly, but with precautions taken so that no damage or injury is caused to the people being rescued.

In all cases when rescue operations are carried out, officials, simultaneously with the deployment of forces and means, organize an ambulance call, even if it is not needed at the moment.

Before medical personnel arrive at the fire, first aid to the victims, in accordance with the established procedure, is provided by the State Fire Service.

To rescue people and property from heights, tested stationary and portable manual fire escapes, fire ladders and fire trucks, rescue devices and other devices that have the appropriate certificates are used.

Rescue and self-rescue can only begin after making sure that the length of the rescue rope provides a complete descent to the ground (balcony, etc.), the rescue loop is securely fastened to the person being rescued, the rescue rope is secured to the building structure and is correctly wound around the firefighter’s waist belt.

It is prohibited to use wet or highly damp rescue ropes for rescue and self-rescue, as well as those that are not used by a combat crew or intended for other purposes.

In cases where the immediate extraction of victims who are in conditions of forced isolation is not possible, first of all, to ensure the survival of the victims, the supply of clean air, drinking water, food, medicine and personal protective equipment is organized by all available means.

When the State Fire Service units penetrate to the victims, the necessary displacement, lifting of collapsed structures (debris), and cutting (cutting) of reinforcement are carried out. In these cases, rescue tools are used - manual and mechanized.

Requirements for the safe use of fire protection equipment, standard tools, individual and group protective equipment are set out in the relevant sections, as well as in the operating instructions.

41. What activities are carried out before returning to the unit’s location?

Collection and return to the place of permanent location (hereinafter referred to as return) are actions for the return of forces and assets of units from the site of the fire to the place of permanent location.

Before returning, the following activities are carried out:

checking the presence of personnel of the unit who took part in extinguishing the fire and conducting emergency response;

collecting and checking the completeness of firefighting tools and equipment;

placement and fastening of firefighting tools and equipment on fire trucks;

closing the covers of fire hydrant wells opened by unit personnel while extinguishing a fire and conducting emergency control operations.

The head of the guard, the squad commander reports to the head of the fire extinguishing about the completion of the collection of forces and means of the unit at the scene of the fire and their readiness to return, after which the head of the fire extinguishing informs the dispatcher about their readiness to return. Return is carried out only after instructions from the fire extinguishing director.

The return is carried out with tank trucks filled with water, along the shortest route, while maintaining constant communication with the dispatcher.

42. Classification of fires

Fires are classified according to the type of combustible material and are divided into the following classes:

1) fires of solid flammable substances and materials (A);

2) fires of flammable liquids or melting solids and materials (B);

3) gas fires (C);

4) metal fires (D);

5) fires of flammable substances and materials of electrical installations under voltage (E);

6) fires of nuclear materials, radioactive waste and radioactive substances (F).

43.The main damaging factors in road accidents. The main causes of road accidents

Main causes of road accidents– violation of traffic rules and technical malfunction of the vehicle. These are two global causes of accidents. Technical issues. Self-confidence with little driving experience

A fire work area (BU) is an area where forces and resources are concentrated, united by a specific task and unified leadership. The control of actions at the combat site is carried out by the head of the combat site (NBU) and carries out part of the general decision made by the RTP.

The responsibilities of the head of the fire fighting area are determined by portable and organizational and administrative documents. The NBU is subordinate to the RTP and is responsible for the implementation of assigned tasks and the safety of personnel in the assigned area. He conducts continuous reconnaissance and reports to the RTP on the situation, ensures interaction between units, makes decisions on the reshuffle of forces and assets with a subsequent report to the RTP.

The number of fire areas and the scope of tasks for each of them, the amount of forces and resources assigned, determines the RTP. The head of the operational headquarters can appoint the heads of the BU and monitor the implementation of the decision of the RTP, with a subsequent report from the RTP on the decision made.

The numbering of combat areas begins, as a rule, from the decisive direction in the fire, and middle and senior commanding officers are appointed as the head of the combat area.

The situation during a fire, as well as the operational-tactical features of the facility, determine the principles for placing areas; according to the fulfillment of RTP tasks, they can be distributed according to:

Territories of the fire object;

Floors of the building;

Staircases;

Fire barriers or zones;

Types of fire work (extinguishing, protection, rescue, smoke control, etc.)

The RTP must strictly define guidelines for the control center, its boundaries, and means of interaction with neighboring control centers throughout the facility.

If there is a fire in multi-storey buildings, the RTP organizes sections by floor: on the fire floor, above and below the floors located, the boundaries of the control room in these cases are the floors of the building (Fig. 16. 4).

In case of fires in a building, combat areas can also be created in sections limited by staircases (Fig. 16. 4).

In industrial buildings, it is most advisable to create combat areas along fire barriers or zones (Fig. 16. 4).

During fires in tank farms, combat areas are created according to the type of work: cooling burning and neighboring tanks; carrying out a foam attack, creating an embankment, draining or pumping flammable liquids and gases. In any fire where there is a threat to people, rescue and evacuation areas are created.

Work sites are organized in such a way that the site manager can control and direct the linemen working in combat positions.

Ticket No. 1

IN 1. Types and content of combat deployments.

Upon the unit’s arrival at the fire, simultaneously with reconnaissance, combat deployment is carried out, i.e., bringing forces and means into a state of readiness to carry out a combat mission.

Combat deployment- actions of personnel to bring fire trucks arriving at the place of call to a state of readiness to carry out combat missions to extinguish fires.

Combat deployment consists of the following phases: pre-deployment, pre-deployment, and full deployment. The completion of one or another stage depends on the completeness of information about the situation during the fire and the decisive direction in the actions of the units. The adopted stage of combat deployment must correspond to the results of an assessment of the fire situation at a given time and be carried out in a rational and economical manner. Full combat deployment involves laying hose lines to supply fire extinguishing agent to the fire site and the exit of firemen to combat positions.

Each stage of combat deployment is regulated by the BUPO.

Preparing for combat deployment carried out immediately upon arrival at the place of call (fire). The following actions are performed:

1. installing a fire truck at a water source and bringing the fire pump into working condition;

2. securing the necessary fire-technical equipment;

3. connecting a hose line with a barrel to the pressure pipe of the pump, unless otherwise specified by the RTP. Other preparatory actions are carried out as directed by the guard chief and the RTP.

Pre-combat deployment at the scene of a call (fire) is carried out in cases where further organization of military operations is obvious or an instruction from the RTP is received. During preliminary combat deployment:

1. carry out actions provided for in preparation for combat deployment;

2. lay main hose lines;

3. install branches, near which hoses and trunks are placed for laying working lines, and other necessary fire-fighting equipment.

Full combat deployment at the scene of a call (fire) is carried out according to the instructions of the RTP, as well as in the case of an obvious need to supply fire extinguishing agents. With full combat deployment:

1. carry out actions provided for by preliminary combat deployment;

2. determine the combat positions of the linemen, to which the working hose lines are laid;

3. Fill the main and working (if there are overlap trunks) hose lines with fire extinguishing agents.

AT 2. G - 600, operating principle, performance characteristics, usage patterns.
Ladder - stick, device, application procedure, test.

Hydraulic elevator (hereinafter referred to as G-600) Firefighter, modernized, is designed to be equipped with fire trucks and is used to select water from water sources with a water level exceeding the geometric suction height of fire pumps and open water sources with swampy banks, to which fire trucks and motor pumps can drive no closer than 7 m.

G-600 can be used as an ejector to remove water spilled during fire extinguishing from premises.

2. diffuser;

3. connecting head GMN-80;

4. shell;

6. sealing ring;

7. connecting head GMN-70;

8. knee.

G-600 consists of the following main parts: nozzle, diffuser, connecting heads (GMN-80 and GMN-70), shell, mesh, O-ring and elbow.

The diffuser has a combined mixing chamber consisting of a confuser and a cylindrical section, four stiffening ribs and a boss in the form of a bracket, which, together with another boss in the lower part of the diffuser and a bracket on the knee, serves for support when installing the hydraulic elevator on a plane.

The lower part of the diffuser is made in the form of a cylinder inside, to which a mesh is attached using a shell and rivets.

The diffuser has a flange for connecting an elbow. The flange has a bore for attaching a nozzle, which is a conical nozzle with a 6 mm long cylindrical section at the outlet.

The sealing ring simultaneously seals the mating planes of three parts, the diffuser, the elbow and the nozzle.

A stream of water from the pump is supplied to the elbow and, leaving the nozzle, creates a vacuum in the mixing chamber of the diffuser, as a result of which a certain amount of water enters the chamber through the mesh - ejected flow. The water supplied from the pump and ejected are mixed and supplied from the hydraulic elevator to the tank

Water is drawn from the tank by a pump. Part of it is again sent to the hydraulic elevator, and the other part can be used for fire extinguishing purposes.

Periodic tests must be carried out at least once a year and after repairs. Each hydraulic elevator must be marked in a visible place containing the following information:

a) inventory number;

b) date of the test performed;

c) fire department number;

The marking must be maintained throughout the entire service life of the G-600. The inventory number is applied to the metal body of the hydraulic elevator by punching or engraving. It is allowed to apply the test date and fire department number with paint. Applying the inventory number to the metal body of the water collector using erasable, fading means (marker, felt-tip pen) is prohibited.

Specifications:

G-600 is tested in the following order:

a) external inspection;

The surfaces of cast parts should not have cracks, foreign inclusions and other defects that affect the strength and tightness of water collectors and worsen their appearance.

On the surfaces of cast parts, individual cavities with a depth of no more than 25% of the wall thickness of the part are allowed, the largest size of which does not exceed 3 mm for external surfaces.

Shells are not allowed on the internal surfaces of the nozzle and diffuser G-600. Bays, build-ups, and sprues must be cleaned flush with the surface of the castings. The grille should be made of wire mesh with a nominal clear mesh size of 5 mm. Mesh wire with a diameter of 1.2 mm is made of high-alloy steel.

b) checking the strength and tightness of the G-600 housing;

Testing for strength and tightness of G-600 is carried out on a stand for 2 minutes with the diffuser holes plugged (inlet and on the grille side). G-600 must withstand hydraulic pressure of 1.5 MPa (15 kgf/cm2). At the same time, the appearance of traces of water (in the form of drops) on the outer surfaces of parts and at joints is not allowed. If there is no hydraulic test stand, the inspection should be carried out visually.

c) checking the functionality of the G-600;

Lower the second end of the suction hose through the hatch into the tank, previously filled with water.

Attach a Æ 66 mm pressure hose to one of the pump's pressure connections.

Attach the free end of the sleeve to the G-600 elbow.

Attach the second pressure rubberized hose Æ 77 mm with one end to the G-600 diffuser, and connect its other end to a rigid hose for operating a tanker from a hydrant. Lower the free end of this sleeve into the tank through the hatch.

Lower the hydraulic elevator with attached hoses into the reservoir from which water will be drawn to the maximum possible depth, but without allowing the hydraulic elevator mesh to touch the surface of the bottom of the reservoir.

Attach a Æ 66 mm (or Æ 77 mm) pressure hose to the second pressure pipe of the pump, to the free end of which connect a RS-70 hand barrel or three RS-50 barrels through a three-way branching.

After assembling the hydraulic elevator system (see Fig. 1), put it into operation by starting the pump in the same way as when starting it when drawing water from open reservoirs.

Open the valve (as quickly as possible) when the required water pressure in the pump is reached.

Open the valve after water begins to flow through the pressure hose connected to the G-600 diffuser and the tank is filled. At the same time, water will begin to flow to the trunk. Subsequently, use a valve to adjust the water flow supplied to the barrel so that it exceeds the ejected flow rate, since otherwise the tank will begin to empty and the operation of the hydraulic elevator system will fail. The G-600 should ensure uninterrupted operation of one barrel with a nozzle with a diameter of 19 mm (RS-70) or three barrels with a nozzle with a diameter of 13 mm (RS-50).

Take into account pressure losses on line lengths exceeding 20 m. In the case where the length of pressure lines exceeds 20 m, these pressure losses per one pressure rubberized hose (20 m) are:

at a flow rate of 600 l/min - 0.7 kgf/cm 2 ;

at a flow rate of 480 l/min - 0.5 kgf/cm 2 ;

at a flow rate of 360 l/min - 0.35 kgf/cm 2 ;

at a flow rate of 240 l/min - 0.2 kgf/cm 2.

When deciding on the length of the hose lines, take into account the fact that the productivity of the hydraulic elevator increases with increasing immersion under the water level.

So, when immersed below the level by 5 m, the nominal capacity increases to 780 l/min.

Take advantage of this circumstance when drawing water from deep reservoirs.

Diagram of the hydraulic elevator system.

The test results are entered into the PTV test log and documented in a report (not necessary for hose water collectors), which must contain:

a) test date;

b) inventory number designation of the G-600 tested;

c) test procedure;

d) a list of regulatory documents on the basis of which the tests were carried out;

e) test results.

The most common schemes for connecting a hydraulic elevator to a tank truck when drawing water from a water source using a suction hose, a stationary pipeline and a water collector: The scheme using a suction hose is used for significant water consumption for a fire. Water is taken from the tank through the suction hose by a pump and the working part of it is supplied through the pressure pipe to the hydraulic elevator, from which, together with the ejected water, it flows back into the tank. The ejected part of the water is directed through the second pipe of the pump to the source of the fire. The degree of opening of the valve on this pipe regulates the flow of water to the fire while constantly monitoring its level in the tank. If it falls, then an amount of water greater than the amount of ejected liquid is taken to extinguish the fire.

The G-600 hydraulic elevator provides operation of one barrel with a spray with a diameter of 19 mm or three barrels with a spray with a diameter of 13 mm.

When the water consumption for a fire is insignificant, water from the tank is supplied through a pipeline connecting the tank to the suction cavity of the centrifugal pump. During operation, the tank is used as an intermediate container, which ensures stable operation of hydraulic elevator systems.

In case of significant water consumption for a fire, the water collector is installed on the suction pipe of the pump and the tanks are used only for the period of startup of the hydraulic elevator system. Before starting the system, clamp the hose line at the water collector, and when water enters it, release it. For stable operation of the hydraulic elevator system, it is necessary to maintain a pressure of at least 50 kPa in the suction cavity of the centrifugal pump.

When removing water from premises, the hydraulic elevator system can be powered by a hydrant, while the working and ejected water is drained into the sewer. To increase the water supply to the fire, hydraulic elevators are connected in parallel using branching and hose lines. The hydraulic elevators are put into operation sequentially.

To determine the possibility of starting hydraulic elevator systems, you should compare the water supply in the tanker to which the hydraulic elevator systems are connected with the amount of water required to start it:

V = 2 (Vp + Vot),

where V is the water supply in the car tank; Vp is the volume of water in the supply hose line; Vot is the volume of water in the outlet hose line (the capacity of a hose with a length of 20 m and a diameter of 66 mm is 140 l, and with a diameter of 77 mm - 190 l); 2 - water reserve coefficient.

During the operation of hydraulic elevator systems, malfunctions may occur that cause disruption of the operation of the systems as a whole or a decrease in the ejected water flow. The most common reasons for this are: creases in hose lines, rapid opening of the pump valve to supply water to a fire, insufficient operating pressure on the pump, water flow for a fire exceeding the ejected flow rate, clogging of the suction mesh, exceeding the maximum height

Stick ladder.

The stick ladder is designed for working indoors, lifting firefighters to the first floor through window openings of burning buildings and structures, as well as for training sessions, carrying out rescue operations, as well as for carrying anti-tank equipment and victims.

When folded, it is a stick with rounded and bound ends, which allows it to be used for beating plaster and performing other similar work during fires.

It consists of two wooden bowstrings 1 and 2, eight steps of oval section 2, hingedly connected to the bowstrings. The hinge is a metal sleeve inserted tightly at the end of the step. A hinge axis 3 is passed through the sleeve and string, the ends of which are riveted to form a semicircular head. To avoid crushing the wood of the bowstrings, washers are placed under the riveted heads.

When folding the ladder, its steps are placed in triangular grooves on the inside of the strings.

At one end of each string, using a tip 7 and a tie 8, a cover is attached, behind which the other string is removed when folding the ladder. To prevent the bowstrings from chipping, metal strips 8 are installed at their ends.

Ladder-stick 1,2-strings; 3-hinge; 4-stage; 5-wooden overlay; 6-screed;

7-tip; 8-metal trim

Technical specifications:

The stick ladder is tested in the following order:

a) external inspection:

The stick ladder should not have any damage and should fold easily and tightly.

b) checking the strength of bowstrings and steps;

Place the ladder on solid ground, leaning it against a wall with a slope of 75° and load the middle on both strings with a load of 120 kg for 2 minutes.

To test the steps, subject one of them (in the middle) to a load of 120 kg for 2 minutes. When removing the load after testing, there should be no damage or residual deflection in the ladder and its parts. The force required to unfold the ladder is checked in the following order: fasten the ladder to one of the strings so that the steps are in a horizontal plane; a force is smoothly applied to the loose string in its middle without jerking, perpendicular to the string in the plane of the steps.
V.Z. Passing control standards.

AT 4. Safety requirements when performing guard duty:

- responsibilities of personnel when going on combat duty;

When performing guard duty, the State Border Guard Service personnel are obliged to know and comply with the requirements of these Rules. Order No. 323.

The procedure for organizing and performing guard duty is determined by the Charter of the fire service, adopted in the prescribed manner.

When taking up combat duty, the chief of guard is obliged to ensure the presence and condition of:

Personal respiratory and vision protection equipment (hereinafter referred to as RPE);

Fire fighting equipment and fire fighting equipment;

First aid kits on fire trucks and in the fire station;

Garage door seals (in cold weather) and the serviceability of their openers.

In addition, the absence of obstacles in the paths of movement of guard personnel upon an alarm signal is checked.

When taking up combat duty, the chief of the guard conducts a random check of the knowledge of the guard personnel, including guards and patrolmen, of these Rules.

During the changing of the guard, fire trucks and anti-tank vehicles are accepted in the prescribed manner by the State Fire Service personnel taking up combat duty.

The basic provisions for the operation of fire fighting equipment in service in the State Fire Service units are determined by the Manual on the Technical Service of the State Fire Service (hereinafter referred to as the Manual on the Technical Service), adopted in the prescribed manner.

During the changing of the guard, engines can be started only after inspection and acceptance of anti-tank equipment and equipment, as well as after connecting the gas outlet to the engine exhaust pipe.

Maintenance of fire trucks and fire fighting equipment is carried out daily by the State Fire Service personnel at the time established by the daily routine. The serviceability of anti-tank equipment and equipment intended for working at heights and rescuing people (manual fire escapes, rescue ropes, fire belts and fire belt carbines) is checked when taking up combat duty personally by the squad commander.

When serving at posts and on patrol at protected enterprises, the State Guard Service personnel are obliged to strictly comply with facility and shop rules on labor protection and industrial sanitation.

On the premises of State Border Service units it is prohibited:

Install inventory and equipment on landings and flights of staircases, near descent pillars and doorways;

Cover with carpets, paths, etc. floors in the guardroom, classroom, garage and on the routes for personnel movement upon alarm;

Smoking in places that are not designated or equipped for this purpose.

Ticket No. 2

INSTRUCTION No. 36

Ticket No. 3

Ticket No. 4

Ticket No. 5

Fig.1. Portable fire monitor PLS-20P

1-pressure pipe of the receiving housing; 2-reception building; 3-screw of the device for fixing the movement of the barrel in the vertical plane; 4-barrel control handle; 5-pipe body; 6-water nozzle; 7-sedative; 8-segment (thrust pad) of the device for fixing the movement of the barrel in the vertical plane; 9-clamp on the support for fastening the receiving body; 10-barrel control handle lock; 11-pipe (horn) of two-horn branching; 12-clamp connections for rotary tee and two-arm branching; 13-clamp connection of the receiving body and the rotary tee; 14-protrusion with a slot; 15-removable support (carriage); 16-turn tee; 17-two-rod branching

Technical specifications

Nozzle diameter, mm. .................................... 22 28 32

Conditional pressure, kgf/cm2.................................... 6 6 6

Water consumption, l/s................................................... ....19 23 30

Foam consumption, m3/min................................................... ........12

Jet distance, m:

water................................................. ....................61 67 68

foam................................................... ................................ 32

Connecting head........................................GM-70

Weight................................................. ....................no more than 27 kg

Trial

Barrels are tested at least once a year. The leak test is carried out with a hydraulic pressure of 0.8 MPa (8 kgf/cm2). In this case, water infiltration in places of sealing joints is not allowed.

Ticket No. 6

Ticket No. 7

Water tank

Neck 2 (Fig. 1) with a lid and a rubber seal is located in the upper part of the tank and serves as a hole for inspecting and repairing the internal cavity of the tank. Under the cap 1 there is a control pipe 8 with an exit through the bottom of the tank. At the bottom of the tank there is a cup 7 that serves as a sump. A pipe 4 is installed above the sump to discharge water from the tank. Through pipe 6, water is supplied from the pump to the monitor or to fill the tank. The foam concentrate is taken from the tank through pipe 5.

Flanges and pipes for connecting water and foam communications pipelines are welded to the rear end wall. The tank is mounted on supports, which are attached to the chassis frame through rubber shock absorbers, and secured to them through rubber gaskets with belts 7.

Rice. 1. Tank:

1-cap; 2-neck; 3-cover; 4, 5, 6-pipe; 7-cup; 8-pipe control; 9-shell; 10-gasket; 11-belt

Foam agent tank

The foam concentrate tank is installed in the pump room. To fill the foam concentrate tank, you need to unscrew the cap 4 (Fig. 2) of the neck 3 and fill the tank, and to flush the tank, additionally unscrew the plug 1 of the sump 2.

Rice. 2. foam concentrate tank:

1-plug; 2-settler; 3-neck; 4-cover; 5-shell

Firefighter equipment:

Fire helmet is an individual means designed to protect the head, neck and face of a firefighter from thermal and mechanical influences, aggressive environments, surfactants, water when extinguishing fires and carrying out related emergency rescue operations, as well as adverse climatic influences. The main parts of the helmet: body, face shield, cape, internal equipment, chin strap.

Firefighter combat clothing(BOP), according to NPB 157-99 - clothing designed to protect the human body from dangerous and harmful environmental factors that arise when extinguishing fires and carrying out related emergency rescue operations, as well as from adverse climatic influences.

Fire rescue belt Designed for carrying out emergency rescue operations during a fire, as well as for self-rescue and insurance for firefighters when working at height.

Fire carbine(according to NPB 168-97) - a carabiner, which is part of the firefighter’s equipment, is intended for insuring the firefighter when working at height, as well as for rescue and self-rescue from high altitude levels.

Special gloves for firefighters Special gloves for firefighters are designed to protect hands from dangerous and harmful environmental factors that arise when extinguishing fires and carrying out related emergency rescue operations (elevated temperatures, thermal radiation, contact with heated surfaces, mechanical effects: puncture , cuts, etc., exposure to water and solutions of surfactants), as well as from adverse climatic influences (freezing temperatures, precipitation, wind).

Fire ax, The waist belt is used when moving along steep roof slopes, opening roofs, doors and windows of burning buildings, opening well covers and fire hydrants.

Heat-resistant molded rubber boots for firefighters are designed to protect feet from open flames, thermal radiation, exposure to aggressive environments, impacts, punctures and other mechanical damage.

Combat deployment

In order to ensure security measures during combat deployment, State Border Guard officials ensure:

Selection of the safest and shortest routes for laying hose lines, transferring tools and equipment;

Installation of fire trucks and equipment at a safe distance from the fire site so that they do not interfere with the deployment of arriving forces and equipment; fire trucks are installed from unfinished buildings and structures, as well as from other objects that may collapse in a fire, at a distance of at least the heights of these objects;

Stopping, if necessary, all types of transport (stopping railway transport is agreed upon in accordance with the established procedure);

Installation of uniform danger signals and notification of them to all State Fire Service personnel working on a fire;

Removal of State Fire Service personnel to a safe place in the event of a clear threat of explosion, poisoning, radiation exposure, collapse, boiling and release of flammable liquids and gases from tanks, etc.;

Organization of security posts on both sides along the railway track to monitor the movement of trains and timely notification of State Border Service personnel about their approach in the event of laying hose lines under the railway tracks.

During combat deployment it is prohibited:

Start carrying it out until the fire truck comes to a complete stop;

Use open fire to illuminate wells of fire hydrants, gas and heat communications;

Descend without RPE and a rescue rope into wells of water, gas, and technical communications;

Wear the strap of the fire nozzle attached to the hose line when climbing to heights and when working at heights;

Be under a load when ascending or descending using rescue ropes, tools, fire protection equipment, etc.;

Carry mechanized and electrified tools in working condition, facing the working surfaces (cutting, stabbing, etc.) in the direction of travel, and cross-cut saws and hacksaws - without covers;

Raise the hose line filled with water to a height;

Supply water to loose hose lines until the linemen reach their starting positions or rise to a height.

Vertical hose lines must be fastened at the rate of at least one hose delay for each hose.

The supply of fire extinguishing agents is permitted only by order of operational officials at the fire or immediate superiors.

Water should be supplied to the hose lines gradually, increasing the pressure to avoid the fall of the shooters and rupture of the hoses.

When using a fire hydrant, open its cover with a special hook or crowbar. At the same time, make sure that the lid does not fall on your feet.

When laying a hose line from a hose and pump-hose fire truck, the driver must control the speed of movement (no more than 10 km/h), and the firefighter must monitor the serviceability of the light and sound alarms and securely fix the compartment doors of the fire trucks.

When winding hoses onto a hose reel, the firefighter must hold on to the handrails of the drum, avoiding injury to his hands, and ensure that the hose reel is securely fixed.

When using the pneumatic system of the lifting mechanism for laying AR hoses, it is necessary to ensure a pressure in the brake system of at least 0.55 MPa.

When loading hose rolls into the AR, it is prohibited to exceed the load capacity limit (100 kg) of the lifting mechanism (no more than 2 hose rolls).

When transporting used hoses on the roof of an AP, the fencing devices (wooden ladders and handrails) must be securely fastened in the raised position.

In cases of an explosion threat, during combat deployment, the laying of hose lines by GPS personnel is carried out by running, crawling, using available shelters (ditches, walls, embankments, etc.), as well as using protective equipment (steel helmets, spheres, shields, body armor ), under the cover of armored shields, armored vehicles and cars.

Manual fire escapes must be installed so that they cannot be cut off by fire or end up in the combustion zone when a fire develops.

When rearranging manual fire escapes, it is necessary to warn those who climbed them to work at heights about this, indicate a new location for their installation or other routes of descent.

It is prohibited to place fire trucks across the roadway. Stopping on the carriageway of a street or road while interfering with the movement of vehicles is permitted only by order of operational officials or the chief of guard. In this case, the hazard warning lights on the fire truck must be turned on.

For safety at night, a parked fire truck is illuminated with side, side or parking lights.

Ticket No. 9

AT 4. Safety requirements when working at heights.


While working on the coating (roof) and on the floors inside

The condition of the load-bearing structures should be monitored in the premises. In the event of a threat of collapse, the personnel of the GPS units must immediately retreat to a safe place.

When extinguishing fires on the upper floors of buildings, it is prohibited to use freight and passenger elevators to lift personnel, fire equipment and equipment, with the exception of elevators with the “Transportation of fire departments” operating mode. Installed when working on surfaces, especially vaulted ones, manual fire escapes, special ladders, etc. must be securely fastened.

When working at height, safety devices should be used to prevent workers from falling and the following safety measures should be observed: work on a manual fire escape with a barrel (scissors, etc.) is allowed only after securing the worker to the step of the ladder with a fireman's belt carabiner;

when working on the roof, firefighters must be secured with a rescue rope to the building structure for insurance, while fastening the rescue rope to the roof enclosing structures is prohibited;

work with the trunk at heights and surfaces must be carried out by at least

two people;

the hose line is secured with hose delays.

It is prohibited to leave the fire nozzle unattended even after the water supply has been stopped, as well as the presence of unit personnel

GPS on sagging surfaces and on areas of floors with signs of burning.

When extinguishing scaffolding fires in new buildings and reconstructed buildings, the combat positions of the firemen should be located no closer than 10 meters from the scaffolding, and fire trucks should be at a distance of no less than__

Ticket No. 10

IN 1. Intelligence tasks.

What are the general responsibilities of intelligence?

1. The presence and nature of the threat to people, their location, ways, methods and means of rescue.

2. The presence and possibility of manifestation of dangerous fire factors.

3. The location and area of ​​the fire that is burning, as well as the path of fire spread.

4. Availability and possibility of using fire protection equipment.

5. Availability of nearby water sources and possible methods of use.

6. The presence of electrical installations under voltage and the advisability of turning them off.

7. Places for opening and dismantling building structures.

8. Possible ways of introducing forces and means.

9. Sufficient forces and means to extinguish the fire.

Fire-fighting equipment

In the practice of extinguishing fires, the following principles of fire suppression are most widely used:

isolating the combustion source from the air or reducing the oxygen concentration by diluting the air with non-flammable gases to a value at which combustion cannot occur;

cooling the combustion site below certain temperatures;

intense braking (inhibition) of the rate of chemical reaction in the flame;

mechanical flame failure as a result of exposure to a strong jet of gas and water;

creation of fire barrier conditions, i.e. conditions under which the flame spreads through narrow channels.

Water

The fire extinguishing ability of water is determined by the cooling effect, dilution of the flammable medium by vapors formed during evaporation and mechanical effect on the burning substance, i.e. flame failure. The cooling effect of water is determined by the significant values ​​of its heat capacity and heat of vaporization. The diluting effect, leading to a decrease in the oxygen content in the surrounding air, is due to the fact that the volume of steam is 1700 times greater than the volume of evaporated water.

Along with this, water has properties that limit its scope of application. Thus, when extinguishing with water, oil products and many other flammable liquids float and continue to burn on the surface, so water may be ineffective in extinguishing them. The fire extinguishing effect when extinguishing with water in such cases can be increased by supplying it in a sprayed state.

Fires are extinguished with water using water fire extinguishing installations, fire trucks and water nozzles (manual and fire monitors). To supply water to these installations, water pipelines installed at industrial enterprises and populated areas are used.

The fire water supply system is used in various combinations: the choice of one or another system depends on the nature of the production, the territory it occupies, etc.

Water fire extinguishing installations include sprinkler and deluge installations. They are a branched, water-filled pipe system equipped with special heads. In the event of a fire, the system reacts (in different ways, depending on the type) and irrigates the structures of the room and equipment in the area of ​​​​action of the heads.

Foam

Foams are used to extinguish solid and liquid substances that do not interact with water. The fire extinguishing properties of foam are determined by its expansion ratio - the ratio of the volume of foam to the volume of its liquid phase, durability, dispersibility and viscosity. In addition to its physical and chemical properties, these properties of the foam are influenced by the nature of the flammable substance, the conditions of the fire and the supply of foam.

Depending on the method and conditions of production, fire extinguishing foams are divided into chemical and air-mechanical. Chemical foam is formed by the interaction of solutions of acids and alkalis in the presence of a foaming agent and is a concentrated emulsion of carbon dioxide in an aqueous solution of mineral salts containing a foaming agent.

The use of chemical foam is being reduced due to the high cost and complexity of organizing fire extinguishing.

Foam-generating equipment includes air-foam barrels for producing low-expansion foam, foam generators and foam sprinklers for producing medium-expansion foam.