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Meaning of the word thousand

thousand in the crossword dictionary

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

thousand

Tysyatsky, m.

In ancient Rus' - a military leader (historical). Tysyatsky of Novgorod the Great.

Elected from the peasants, a foreman who performed administrative duties (historical).

The main manager in a peasant wedding ceremony (ethnogr.).

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.

thousand

In Ancient Rus': military leader.

The main officiant in the ancient wedding ceremony.

New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

thousand

Chief of a thousand (2*).

An elected official from the peasantry, a village foreman (in the Russian state before the reform of 1861).

The main officiant in the ancient Russian wedding ceremony.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

thousand

military leader of the city militia ("thousands") in Rus' until the middle. 15th century In Novgorod, he was elected from among the boyars at the veche and was the mayor's closest assistant.

Large legal dictionary

thousand

in Rus', a military leader who led the city militia (“thousand”). In the feudal Novgorod Republic, T. was chosen from the boyars at the assembly, usually for a year, and was an assistant to the mayor. In addition to organizing the people's militia, he dealt with issues of trade and commercial court. In cities where there was no veche government, T. were appointed princes from among the boyars, their position became hereditary. In the XIV-XV centuries. T.'s position was gradually replaced by governors and governors.

Tysyatsky

military leader who led the ancient Russian city militia (“thousand”). In the Novgorod feudal republic, T. was chosen from the boyars at the assembly, usually for a year, and was an assistant to the mayor. In cities that did not know veche government, T. were appointed princes from among the noble boyars, their position became hereditary. Prince Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy abolished the position of T. in Moscow. T. began to be replaced by governors and governors, by the middle of the 15th century. T.'s position is gradually disappearing.

Lit.: Tikhomirov M.N., Medieval Moscow in the XIV ≈ XV centuries, M., 1957.

Wikipedia

Tysyatsky

Tysyatsky- an official of the princely administration in the cities of Medieval Rus'. Initially, the military leader of the city militia, to whom ten sotskys were subordinate. The first mention in the chronicles of the thousand dates back to 1089, when Jan Vyshatich held the voivodeship in the “Kyiv thousand”. Subsequently, in the process of urban development, along with military functions, powers in certain areas of urban government are concentrated in the hands of the thousand. In cities with a predominance of veche traditions, which subjugated the princely power, the post of thousand in the 12th century became elective. In urban centers with strong princely power, the post of thousand often remained for decades in the hands of one of the most influential boyar families and was passed on by inheritance.

With the strengthening of the Moscow principality, the role of the thousanders is gradually declining, and this position is being abolished everywhere. The position of the thousand in Novgorod remained until the liquidation of its independence.

Examples of the use of the word thousand in literature.

It was immediately sent to Novgorod with thousand Vasily Maksimov demanded that bailiffs be given to the Novgorodians named in the complaint, and city guards Nazar and Vasily Anfimov with bailiffs and conscripts went home to notify the defendants, as well as the plaintiffs themselves - the robbed street people Slavkova and Nikitina - calling both of them the next morning to Gorodishche, before the eyes of the Grand Duke and Sovereign of Moscow.

As for the patronymic of the second of them - Yuri Prokopyich, we saw Prokopiy, Belgorod Tysyatsky, a participant in the preparation of Monomakh's charter on growth.

Vasily Vasilich sits heavily on the bench, he is tormented by chest pain, but such a thing is without Tysyatsky not solved.

To console himself, he immediately imagined how angry Bosowolf would be with his brother’s advice to leave thousand for Protasius: the dog will howl!

Bogdan Obakunovich, boyar of the Prussian end, thousand and the governor of the great city looked from here, from above, biting his mustache, and the reflections of his difficult thoughts flowed across his face, like clouds on a rainy day, with either a smile or a frown.

When describing the wedding of the daughter of the Grand Duke Feodosia, who married Prince Kholmsky, it is said about thousand, a friend, a tributary friend, about two persons who held the carpet with the princess, about the stablemaster, in which there were 15 boyar children, about the groom's trainees, about a priest with a cross at the bedside, about the persons who were at the sleigh of Grand Duchess Sophia, with whom she was traveling and daughter-in-law, Grand Duchess Elena, about candlesticks, cowsheds, lanterns, etc.

Although Ivan Velyaminov was not close to him, although he would have been constrained by power Tysyatsky.

Mishuk, puffed up with pride and slightly bragging, told how he galloped across the field next to himself thousand Protasius and chopped down the scattering foot soldiers of Tver, as they turned back Borozdin’s regiment and saved the city and Prince Yuri.

Tysyatsky and the temniks drank, ate and lustfully devoured Janibek’s concubines with their eyes.

Tysyatsky The Don people called out Fedka Bersen, and their smaller friends called out Nechaika Bobyl and Yurko and Denya, who had recovered from their wounds.

Five main governors, as well as thousand and the centurions were already in full armor, on horses and wearing shining, pointed steel helmets - helmets - which differed from one another only in the degree of decoration, according to the military rank.

I think it would be wise to announce the cancellation Tysyatsky after the assembled princes take the oath to be all united and not to betray the throne and the will of the Grand Duke of Moscow in future!

And all of them, who sit on the ledges of the veche platform, in their fur hats shining in the sun: and thousand Klim, and the old posadniks, and the princely boyars, and the noble boyars, and the elders of all five ends of Novgorod, and the merchant elders of Ivan - all these eminent gentlemen, the great men of Novgorod, they take off their hats with a bow as soon as they step out onto the edge of the platform at least with a short word to Mr. Veliky Novgorod.

At the table, unusually deserted without the former princes, sat the close boyars of the prince, the Tver thousand, several abbots of nearby monasteries.

Khodyna - the songwriter, Kochkar - the prince's almsmonger, Timofey Raguilovich - the groom, Olstin Oleksich - the governor, Miroshka Nazdilovich - Tysyatsky, as well as the boyar and chronicler Pyotr Borislavich.

who is tysiatsky and got the best answer

Reply from D[guru]
TYSYATSKY
1. In Ancient Rus':
head of the military militia. The thousand was appointed by the prince or chosen by the city.
2. In Russia before the reform of 1861:
elected by the peasants, village foreman.
3. The main manager in the ancient Russian wedding ceremony.

Answer from Elena Sh[guru]
leader of a thousand people, usually in an army

Answer from Lena Tchaikovskaya[newbie]

With the strengthening of the Moscow principality, the role of the thousanders is gradually declining, and this position is being abolished everywhere. The position of tysyatsky in Novgorod remained until the liquidation of its independence

Answer from Kirill Bushlanov[active]
Tysyatsky is an official of the princely administration in the cities of Medieval Rus'. Initially, the military leader of the city militia (“thousands”), to whom ten sotskys were subordinate. The first mention in the chronicles of the thousand dates back to 1089, when Jan Vyshatich held the voivodeship in the “Kyiv thousand”. Subsequently, in the process of urban development, along with military functions, powers in certain areas of city government (city court, administrative control in the field of trade) are concentrated in the hands of the thousand. In cities with a predominance of veche traditions, which subjugated the princely power, the post of thousand in the 12th century became elective. In urban centers with strong princely power, the post of thousand often remained for decades in the hands of one of the most influential boyar families and was passed on by inheritance.
With the strengthening of the Moscow principality, the role of the thousanders is gradually declining, and this position is being abolished everywhere. The position of the thousand in Novgorod remained until the liquidation of its independence.

1) Tysyatsky- - military leader who led the ancient Russian city militia - the “thousand”, and was initially appointed by the prince. In cities where veche administration developed, the position became elective, and T. was elected from local boyars for a period of usually one year, serving as an assistant to the mayor. In cities without veche government, they were always appointed by the prince, and this position gradually became hereditary. The Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Donskoy (1359-1389) abolished the position of T. in Moscow, and by the middle of the 15th century. she gradually disappeared. The troops began to be commanded by governors and governors. In the Novgorod feudal republic, T. was a representative of the urban lower classes, “black people,” with whose support he enjoyed influence at the veche. The rights and responsibilities of a sedate, that is, one in the position of T., were as follows: together with the prince and the mayor, he led the troops, looked after the city fortifications, opened the veche and, together with the mayor, was present at it, participated in negotiations with neighboring states, and had the right of independent legal proceedings, received income from various Novgorod regions assigned to him for feeding, had his own seal. After serving his term of office he was called "Old T".

2) Tysyatsky- - a) military leader who led the city militia in Ancient Rus'; b) in the Novgorod feudal republic, the thousand was an assistant to the mayor; he was elected by the veche for one year from among the boyars. The administration of the court in commercial matters was also in the hands of the thousand. By the middle of the 15th century. this position was abolished.

3) Tysyatsky- - 1. Military leader who led the ancient Russian city militia. He was appointed by the prince from among the boyars. The service was hereditary. Gradually, the position of the thousand was replaced by the appointment of governors and volostels, and by the 15th century. completely disappeared. 2. The second person in the public administration system of the Novgorod feudal republic. He was in charge of militia issues, organizing trade, and carried out judicial functions. He was usually elected at the veche from among the boyars.

4) Tysyatsky- military leader who led the ancient Russian city militia ("thousand"). In the Novgorod Republic, the thousand was chosen at the assembly from among the boyars for a certain period of time (most often for a year) and was an assistant to the mayor. He led the Novgorod townspeople and monitored the condition of the fortifications; was also a commercial judge. A tysyatsky who fulfilled his duties was called a sedate tysyatsky, and after choosing another tysyatsky at the assembly, he received the title of an old tysyatsky. In cities that did not have veche government, thousanders were appointed princes; in Moscow and Tver - from among the noble boyars, and their position became hereditary. Fearing their strengthening, Prince. Dimitry Ivanovich Donskoy after the death of V.V. Velyaminov (1374) abolished the position of thousand in Moscow and executed Velyaminov’s son Ivan (1379), who sought its restoration. The Tysyatskys began to be replaced by governors, and by the middle. XV century the position of thousand is gradually disappearing. V. Bakulin

5) Tysyatsky- - military leader of the city militia ("thousands") in Rus' until the middle. XV century In the Novgorod Republic (XII-XV centuries) he was elected at the assembly from among the boyars and was the closest assistant to the mayor - he was in charge of issues of trade, tax collection, and the commercial court.

6) Tysyatsky- – the second most important person in the Novgorod management system. He was in charge of tax collection and controlled trade. The city was divided into 10 tax-paying “hundreds,” which were governed by the sotskys, subordinate to the thousand. In addition, the thousand resolved litigation in trade matters, disputes between Russians and foreigners, and participated in embassies. Tysyatsky was initially elected as a representative of the merchants, but in the XII - X1V centuries. this position passed into the hands of the boyars.

7) Tysyatsky- military leader of the city militia ("thousands") in Rus' until the mid-15th century. In Novgorod, he was elected from among the boyars at the veche and was the mayor's closest assistant.

Tysyatsky

The military leader who led the ancient Russian city militia - the “thousand”, and was initially appointed by the prince. In cities where veche administration developed, the position became elective, and T. was elected from local boyars for a period of usually one year, serving as an assistant to the mayor. In cities without veche government, they were always appointed by the prince, and this position gradually became hereditary. The Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Donskoy (1359-1389) abolished the position of T. in Moscow, and by the middle of the 15th century. she gradually disappeared. The troops began to be commanded by governors and governors. In the Novgorod feudal republic, T. was a representative of the urban lower classes, “black people,” with whose support he enjoyed influence at the veche. The rights and responsibilities of a sedate, that is, one in the position of T., were as follows: together with the prince and the mayor, he led the troops, looked after the city fortifications, opened the veche and, together with the mayor, was present at it, participated in negotiations with neighboring states, and had the right of independent legal proceedings, received income from various Novgorod regions assigned to him for feeding, had his own seal. After serving his term of office he was called "Old T".

A) a military leader who led the city militia in Ancient Rus'; b) in the Novgorod feudal republic, the thousand was an assistant to the mayor; he was elected by the veche for one year from among the boyars. The administration of the court in commercial matters was also in the hands of the thousand. By the middle of the 15th century. this position was abolished.

1. Military leader who led the ancient Russian city militia. He was appointed by the prince from among the boyars. The service was hereditary. Gradually, the position of the thousand was replaced by the appointment of governors and volostels, and by the 15th century. completely disappeared. 2. The second person in the public administration system of the Novgorod feudal republic. He was in charge of militia issues, organizing trade, and carried out judicial functions. He was usually elected at the veche from among the boyars.

military leader who led the ancient Russian city militia ("thousand"). In the Novgorod Republic, the thousand was chosen at the assembly from among the boyars for a certain period of time (most often for a year) and was an assistant to the mayor. He led the Novgorod townspeople and monitored the condition of the fortifications; was also a commercial judge. A tysyatsky who fulfilled his duties was called a sedate tysyatsky, and after choosing another tysyatsky at the assembly, he received the title of an old tysyatsky. In cities that did not have veche government, thousanders were appointed princes; in Moscow and Tver - from among the noble boyars, and their position became hereditary. Fearing their strengthening, Prince. Dimitry Ivanovich Donskoy after the death of V.V. Velyaminov (1374) abolished the position of thousand in Moscow and executed Velyaminov’s son Ivan (1379), who sought its restoration. The Tysyatskys began to be replaced by governors, and by the middle. XV century the position of thousand is gradually disappearing. V. Bakulin

Military leader of the city militia ("thousands") in Rus' until the middle. XV century In the Novgorod Republic (XII-XV centuries) he was elected at the assembly from among the boyars and was the closest assistant to the mayor - he was in charge of issues of trade, tax collection, and the commercial court.

- the second most important person in the Novgorod government system. He was in charge of tax collection and controlled trade. The city was divided into 10 tax-paying “hundreds,” which were governed by the sotskys, subordinate to the thousand. In addition, the thousand resolved litigation in trade matters, disputes between Russians and foreigners, and participated in embassies. Tysyatsky was initially elected as a representative of the merchants, but in the XII - X1V centuries. this position passed into the hands of the boyars.

Ancient Moscow. XII-XV centuries Tikhomirov Mikhail Nikolaevich

ABOLISHING THE POSITION OF THOUSANDS

The agreements do not indicate the relationship of the princes-co-owners to the Moscow thousanders, but under Dmitry Donskoy the abolition of the position of thousanders in Moscow took place, which was an important measure towards the further centralization of power in Moscow itself. The position of tysyatsky was abolished after the death of the previously mentioned tysyatsky Vasily Vasilyevich Velyaminov, which followed on September 17, 1373.

We learn about the significance of Vasily Vasilyevich as a thousand from one letter related to the reign of Dmitry Donskoy, given to the new torch Evsevka. The publishers provided this document with an explanation: “... on the occasion of his relocation from Torzhok to Kostroma.” It would be more careful to say that Evsevka started trades or trades in Kostroma and therefore was exempt from taxes and duties. In this case, the addition to the letter becomes clear: “And I ordered his uncle Vasily the thousand to take care of it; and through this document, whoever takes anything from him will be punished.” Here Tysyatsky acts as a guardian of the interests of trading people.

Little is known about Vasily’s personality, but one dash shows him in a rather unsightly form. At the wedding of Dmitry Donskoy, the Moscow tysyatsky replaced the princely belt, slipping the prince a “smaller” belt, and gave the stolen, better one to his son Mikula (Nikolai). The exchange went unnoticed for a long time and was discovered only after more than 60 years.

In Moscow, the Velyaminov family occupied a prominent place and became related to the princely houses. The daughter of the Suzdal prince Dmitry Konstantinovich was married to Dmitry Donskoy, the other daughter to the son of the thousand, Mikula Velyaminovich. Tysyatsky's wife Maria baptized Konstantin, the youngest son of Dmitry Donskoy. Contemporaries, speaking about the death of Vasily Vasilyevich, call him “the last thousand,” which indicates the conscious desire of the Grand Duke to abolish the dangerous post of thousand. This was supposed to affect the interests of fairly wide urban circles of Moscow. We find an indication of the dissatisfaction of some sections of the population with the abolition of the position of thousand in the chronicle. In 1375, the son of the deceased thousand, Ivan Vasilyevich, fled to Tver along with Nekomat Surozhanin “... with many lies and flattering words.” This Nekomatus was apparently a Greek who was based in Moscow and traded with Surozh. Moscow chronicles call it the vague and offensive term “brekh”, but they also say that Nekomat brought on June 14, 1375 to the Tver prince Mikhail Alexandrovich a label for the great reign. This means he was a person famous in the Golden Horde.

In 1378, in the battle on the Vozha River, a priest who came from the Horde was captured. It was the priest of the fleeing Ivan Vasilyevich. The priest was found with “...a bag of evil, fierce potions,” some kind of deadly poisons. The following year, Ivan Vasilyevich himself was caught by cunning - he was “caught” in Serpukhov and brought to Moscow. On August 30, 1379, a public execution of an unsuccessful applicant for the position of thousand took place on Kuchkovo Field; he was executed by sword before lunch, at 4 o’clock in the afternoon. “And there were many people standing, and many shed tears for him and were saddened by his nobility and his majesty.” In 1383 Nekomata was killed.

In the meager and scattered news about Tysyatsky’s son Ivan Vasilyevich and Nekomata, one senses a story about something big and unspoken. The public execution of Ivan Vasilyevich was unusual for Moscow and made an impression on Muscovites. There is no doubt that Nekomat had supporters among merchant circles and that large merchant interests were affected, in our assumption, the interests of guests trading with Surozh, for whom maintaining peace with the Golden Horde was extremely important, since the road from Moscow to Cherny the sea walked through the Golden Horde territory.

The reform of Dmitry Donskoy also had some internal significance, affecting the interests of “many people” who mourned the death of Ivan Vasilyevich. It is not for nothing that the Nikon Chronicle, which gives some details that are missing in other chronicles, calls Ivan Vasilyevich “thousand” and not the son of a thousand and talks about the need to obey even obstinate rulers. And who was this obstinate ruler if not Dmitry Donskoy? Not only the visiting Surozhans, but also other layers of the townspeople had to suffer damage from the destruction of the position of the thousand. This could be due to the derogation of the rights of the urban population, and that the Moscow reality of the tsarist times of the 16th-17th centuries, which did not know citywide self-government for Moscow, was a later phenomenon, can be seen from the remnants of self-government of hundreds that survived until the end of the 17th century.

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State administration of Novgorod and Pskov was carried out through a system of veche bodies: in the capital there was a citywide veche, separate parts of the city (sides, ends, streets) convened their own veche meetings. Formally, the veche was the highest authority (each at its own level).

The veche resolved the most important issues in the economic, political, military, judicial and administrative spheres. The veche elected the prince. All free people of the city participated in the veche meetings. An agenda and candidates for elected officials at the assembly were prepared for the meetings. Decisions at meetings had to be made unanimously. There was an office and archive of the veche meeting, office work was carried out by veche clerks.

The organizational and preparatory body (preparation of bills, veche decisions, monitoring activities, convening of the veche) is the boyar council (“Ospoda”), which included the most influential persons - representatives of the city administration, noble boyars, and worked under the chairmanship of the archbishop.

The highest officials of “Mr. Veliky Novgorod” were the mayor, the thousand, the archbishop, and the prince.

The mayor was elected by the veche for one to two years and supervised the activities of all officials. Together with the prince, he was in charge of issues of administration and court, commanded the army, led the veche meeting and the boyar council, and represented in foreign relations.

Tysyatsky dealt with issues of trade and the commercial court, and headed the people's militia.

The main role of the archbishop was spiritual leadership in the church hierarchy, he was also the custodian of the state treasury, the controller of trade measures and weights.

Since the 12th century, in Novgorod, as in other cities of Rus', a permanent place for holding veche meetings, the stay of the mayor and the thousand was established. In the 13th century, there were seventeen monasteries on the territory of the Novgorod land, and active church colonization took place.

As a result of the war of 1471 and the campaign of Moscow troops against Veliky Novgorod in 1477-1478. Many institutions of republican power were abolished. The Novgorod Republic became an integral part of the Russian state, while maintaining some autonomy. Researchers of the 20th century pay attention to the internal reasons for the fall of the Novgorod state, among which the degeneration of the republic from a veche into a boyar-oligarchic one is often mentioned.

A special political system, different from other princely lands, developed in the 12th century. in Novgorod land. At this time, Veliky Novgorod was one of the largest cities not only in Rus', but also in Europe. It occupied a very advantageous geographical position - at the beginning of trade routes that were important for Rus' and other states of Eastern Europe, connecting the Baltic Sea with the Black and Caspian Sea. In its trade, Novgorod widely used crafts and various trades. The highest Novgorod class - the boyars - took an active part in foreign trade. Although the Novgorod estate and trade reached unprecedented prosperity, the basis of the economy was agriculture and related crafts.

The socio-political life of Novgorod had significant features. At first, along with other Russian principalities, it was subordinate to Kyiv, but during the development of the veche system in the 12th century. became an independent feudal republic and accepted princes only of their own choice and under certain conditions. The prince served as a link, on the one hand, between Novgorod and Russia and the rest of its lands, and on the other, individual parts of the Novgorod land. He was in charge of the protection of Novgorod and its possessions from attacks by external enemies, and was the highest court.

The Novgorodians signed an agreement with him on the conditions of his reign, which the prince was obliged to fulfill or otherwise leave the city. The highest authority was the veche - a meeting of the male population. The Veche had extremely broad powers. All free citizens had the right to gather for it - from boyars to “black people”. All issues were decided by a majority vote, and the dissenting minority was forced to accept the decision of the majority. As a rule, several hundred owners of city estates were convened at the veche, and all important issues of the life of the Novgorod land, before they were brought up at the veche, were first discussed in a narrow circle of a small group of the most influential boyars.

At the head of the Novgorod Church was a bishop (later an archbishop), who took part in all important civil affairs, had his own court, his own staff and even his own military regiment. The veche system in the Novgorod land was one of the forms of the feudal state. The council of officials created the illusion of “democracy”, the appearance of participation of the male population in government affairs. In reality, all real power was in the hands of the boyars and the privileged part of the merchant class.

The boyar-merchant elite took into account the political activity of the urban plebs and skillfully used it in the fight against the princely power, defending their own interests.

In most lands, princely power triumphed, in Novgorod - the veche, which turned into the only truly supreme body of legislation, administration and court, from which the main bearers of power - the prince, the ruler, the mayor and the thousand - are accountable.

In most ancient Russian cities, the activities of the veche were usually limited to the calling of the prince, legislation, the declaration of war and the conclusion of peace. Its convening was rather of an emergency nature and was associated with solving only the most important issues in the life of the city. Things were different in Novgorod. While in other lands princely power was strengthened to the detriment of the rudiments of tribal democracy, here the veche received full development.

The functions of the Novgorod veche cannot be listed with exhaustive completeness, since they were determined by specific decisions of the veche itself and comprehensively covered the life of the Novgorod land. Here are the most important and frequently found powers of the veche in sources:

Conclusion and termination of an agreement with the prince;

Election and removal of mayors, thousand, rulers;

Appointment of Novgorod governors, mayors and governors in the province;

Control over the activities of the prince, mayors, thousand, ruler and other officials;

Registration of legislation, an example of which is the Novgorod Judgment Charter;

In foreign relations, resolving issues of war and peace, trade agreements with the West;

Disposal of Novgorod land property in economic and legal terms, land grant;

Establishment of trade rules and benefits;

In Novgorod, those forms of political life flourished that in most urban centers of Rus', if they were not immediately liquidated everywhere, then in any case sharply declined with the Tatar invasion. But, as already noted, and regardless of the Tatar yoke, at the turn of the 11th-12th centuries. The political system in Novgorod acquired features that distinguished it from other lands and were directly related to the veche. An elected local administration began to form - a self-government body opposed to the princely power. This raised the veche order to a new level, fundamentally changed the attitude of the people's assembly to matters of administration and court, for it elected, controlled and removed the most important officials who were daily engaged in these activities, gradually turning the prince into an official.