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 Financial analysis and investment assessment of the enterprise. Balance sheet liquidity Basic terms and definitions

Concrete is simply an irreplaceable material for construction, which is used everywhere. But in order to choose the right type of solution, it is necessary to take into account the main characteristics of the mass, such as workability, cone settlement and mass mobility. And exactly what the mobility of concrete is is what this article will discuss.

Construction mixture

Basic terms and definitions

Before defining the main characteristics of the solution, it is necessary to clearly understand what this building material is.

Concrete is a composition consisting of four main components:

  1. Cement;
  2. Sand;
  3. Water;
  4. Crushed stone.

Note! If there is no crushed stone in the concrete, then it is just cement.


Concrete composition

The main task of concrete is to connect all components into a monolithic structure. Achieving this goal is only possible if the correct proportions of the two main components such as water and cement are observed.

Sand and crushed stone are referred to as fillers of the composition, and are used to impart strength to the mass and reduce possible deformations of the monolithic product after hardening. It is these fillers that make up the structural frame of a monolithic product, which makes it possible to increase the elasticity of the structure and reduce deformation under severe loads.

Mobility

The mobility or elasticity of a solution is an important property that can influence the choice of material for the construction of buildings and structures for various purposes. Mobility is the ability of a mass to fill the shape in which it is placed.

Note! The ability of a mass to fill a shape can manifest itself both under the influence of external forces and under the influence of its own mass.

According to GOST, the mobility of the concrete mixture is divided into 4 categories from p2 to p5, depending on the amount of added liquid. The less liquid, the thicker the solution, the thickest has the index p2, the most liquid, respectively, p5.

Based on plasticity indicators, building materials are divided into 2 groups:

  1. Sedentary or hard mixtures. They contain a small amount of water and are not able to fill the form in which they are placed under the weight of their own weight without the influence of external forces. Such compositions have indicators p2 or p3. Laying of the sedentary mass is carried out using vibrating and compacting equipment, which makes it possible to remove voids from the monolith;

Advice. If construction work using hard concrete is carried out in winter, the solution must first be heated.

  1. Mixtures with high mobility, liquid or castable. Solutions of this type have indicators equal to n4 or n5. Such masses are used in the process of pouring formwork, densely reinforced products and do-it-yourself columns.

Dilution with water


Liquid imported product

The low elasticity of the material can significantly increase the time for construction work if the necessary equipment is not available at the construction site. And in order to solve this problem, many resort to the dilution method, making p4-p5 mixtures from p2-p3 mixtures.

If compaction is carried out correctly and the dilution method is eliminated, then you will get a strong, reliable structure, the mechanical processing of which can be carried out by such methods as cutting reinforced concrete with diamond wheels and diamond drilling holes in concrete.

Mobility indicators

In the case where the grade of concrete in terms of mobility has been chosen correctly, but it is ordered from a supplier and you have doubts about the compliance of the delivered product with the declared characteristics, and the price of the mixture is not so low, then you can check it at the construction site.

The mobility of a concrete mixture can be determined directly during unloading in 2 ways:

  • Determination by monolith analysis;
  • Cone for determining the mobility of a concrete mixture.

Determination of elasticity by monolith analysis


Monolithic cube

The instructions for such a test stipulate the possibility of determining any indicator of the plasticity of the mixture:

  1. Before starting the inspection, you should build several boxes in the shape of a cube with sides measuring 10-15 cm from wooden boards;
  2. Before pouring concrete into prepared forms, the wood should be slightly moistened to prevent moisture from being absorbed from the solution;
  3. We pour the solution into the boxes, after which the mass must be pierced with a sharp rod of reinforcement, thus compacting the monolith and releasing the air;

Advice. Additional compaction can be achieved by tapping the walls of the drawers with a hammer.

  1. The cubes must dry for 28-30 days at a temperature of at least 200C and a humidity of at least 90%;
  2. After the created samples have dried, they should be sent to the laboratory, where the mixture will be checked for compliance with the declared indicators.

The obvious disadvantage of this method is its duration, which is why the method of determining plasticity using a cone is more often used.

Determination of elasticity by cone


The photo shows a diagram of a cone

To use this method, you will need a cone to test the mobility of concrete with a height of about 30 cm. This form should not contain more than 6 liters of material.

This check is carried out as follows:

  1. The cone is filled with solution;
  2. Concrete is pierced to compact and remove voids;
  3. The cone is removed and placed next to the solution;
  4. We test for elasticity:
    • If the concrete settlement is 5 cm, then you have hard concrete;
    • If the settlement is more than 5 cm, then you have moving concrete.

Condition of the mass after removing the cone

Finally

Imported product

When working with concrete, it is necessary to choose the right grade of material in accordance with the elasticity of the mass and the purpose for which it will be used. Well, if you doubt that, for example, the mobility of P3 concrete is easy to check using the described methods.

The video in this article will tell you even more about how important it is to correctly select concrete in accordance with the elasticity parameters of the mass.

masterabetona.ru

Mobility of concrete mixture

The mobility of a concrete mixture is the most important indicator affecting workability. It depends on several parameters, but the main one remains the percentage of water content in the mixture. Before starting any project, the necessary parameters must be assessed to ensure both maximum strength and the possibility of quick installation.

Types and marking of concrete by mobility

Building materials are also classified according to their mobility. In accordance with GOST 25192-82, special markings are made that allow you to evaluate the performance of the mixture before ordering.

  • Zh1 – especially hard;
  • Zh2 – increased rigidity;
  • Zh3 – hard;
  • Zh4 – moderately hard;
  • Zh5 – sedentary;
  • P1 – mobile;
  • P2 – plastic;
  • P3 – very plastic;
  • P4 – cast;
  • P5 – liquid.

Physical properties are usually tested in a laboratory before the material is shipped to the customer. If a person still has doubts, he can use one of the methods of determination in “field conditions”. After which you will be able to confidently begin to carry out the work, taking into account the requirements of the drafted project.

Application of concrete depending on mobility

Rigid concrete has practically no mobility, so this indicator is not calculated for them. Other types of building materials are widely used on sites, but depending on the physical properties, some restrictions appear.

Application of concrete P2 and P3

At the site, the low mobility of concrete P2 and P3 creates some difficulties. Such mixtures are characterized by a low percentage of water, so when using them it is necessary to use compaction or vibrating equipment. The material is not capable of occupying free volume under its own weight, therefore, without mechanical action, large and through pores are formed, violating the strength of the structure. Inexperienced builders often dilute the finished composition with water, but this should not be done. In this case, workability increases, but the compressive strength sharply decreases.

Application of P4 and P5 concrete

P4 and P5 concretes are easy to use, so they are excellent for pouring formwork, creating paths and platforms, as well as for filling densely reinforced foundations. The material is fluid and freely fills the volume, adhering tightly to the surface of the reinforcement. Craftsmen do not have to resort to construction equipment, which makes it possible to use such a mixture in everyday life without special skills.

Now St. Petersburg offers to order concrete in any quantity at the plant. Our own production allows you to buy a high-quality mixture with the required characteristics. In the assortment it is possible to find a material that is suitable for performing various works, and compliance with current GOSTs guarantees the implementation of a project of any complexity.

betoplus.ru

Concrete mobility value

Concrete is an indispensable material in construction, without which nowadays it is impossible to build either a country cottage or a modern skyscraper. The high consumer qualities of this material make it possible to use it in almost any area of ​​construction - from house building to laying transport highways.


Flexibility is a workability characteristic that is capable of deforming under its own weight.

In order to choose the right solution for certain purposes, you need to know its main characteristics, which include workability, cone slump and concrete mobility. Taking these factors into account will allow construction work to be completed with the highest possible quality, which will guarantee a long service life and reliability of the constructed facility.

Definition of the term

Before talking about the characteristics and properties, it is necessary to find out what this building material is. The so-called ready-mixed concrete is a composition that has a certain mobility and consists of 4 main components: cement, sand, water and crushed stone. If crushed stone is not used in the mixture, it is called cement mortar.

The main task is to connect the required components into a single monolithic structure.


Determination of mobility using a cone: a – general view; b – hard mixture; c – sedentary; g – mobile; d – very mobile; e – cast.

This is only possible if the correct proportion of the two main components is observed - water and cement. Sand and crushed stone are added to the composition not for strength, but to reduce possible deformations of the cement stone after hardening. They create a structural frame that is able to absorb shrinkage stress, due to which the structures shrink less. In addition, elasticity increases and deformation under load decreases.

Mobility is an important factor influencing the choice of material for the construction of various types of objects. The workability of concrete is the ability to fill the form in which it is placed. Moreover, this property can be achieved both under the influence of external force and under the influence of its own weight.


Methods for determining consistency: a - by mobility using a standard cone: 1 - funnel; 2 - cone; 3 - pallet; 4 - measuring ruler; b - according to hardness - with a technical viscometer: I - device; II - concrete before vibration; III - after vibration; 1 - cylindrical ring; 2 - reference cone; 3 - funnel; 4 - tripod; 5 - disk with holes; 6 - rod; 7 - vibration platform.

Nowadays, the workability of concrete is divided into several categories (from p2 to p5) and depends on the amount of water that is added. The smaller the amount of water, the correspondingly thicker the mixture. The thickest concrete has an index of p2, and the thinnest concrete has an index of p4 or p5.

Read also: Strip foundation repair technology

Sedentary mixtures, often called hard mixtures, contain a small amount of water and, under the weight of their own weight, cannot fill the required shape. Compositions such as p2 and p3 are placed in molds using special vibrating and compacting devices. If work is carried out in the winter season, the mixture is preheated. Also, in rigid concrete p2 and p3, voids often form, which must be removed with a vibropress tool. Concrete compositions p2 and p3 are used for standard monolithic work.

Mixtures with indicators p4 and p5 have higher mobility, which allows them to be used when pouring narrow formworks, densely reinforced structures, to create columns and hard-to-reach cavities. Several years ago, a similar building material was called “cast concrete” and was widely used in construction.

Dilution with water


Concrete composition diagram.

Often, the low mobility of concrete significantly slows down the progress of construction work. As a rule, this happens when the construction site does not have necessary equipment such as vibrators. In such a case, to facilitate the pouring of p2 or p3, foremen prefer to dilute the concrete, achieving an increase in its mobility to the levels of p4 or p5. But, according to experts, doing this is categorically undesirable.

The ratio of water and cement in concrete is a key proportion, the violation of which can lead to a loss of quality and strength, which in turn can have negative consequences. Even an inconspicuous addition of water usually leads to a loss of strength by 1-2 indicators.

http://youtu.be/Aw0vRF8o-1o

Mobility indicators


Graph of water demand for plastic (a) and rigid (b) concrete mixture made using Portland cement, medium-sized sand (water requirement 7%) and gravel of the largest size: 1 – 70 mm; 2 – 40 mm; 3 – 20 mm; 4 – 10 mm.

If it is necessary to order concrete, suppliers may have doubts about the compliance of the delivered material with the required one. In this case, a workability or mobility test can be performed.

Balance sheet liquidity- this is the degree to which the enterprise’s liabilities are covered by assets, the period of transformation of which into cash corresponds to the period of repayment of obligations. The solvency of the enterprise depends on the degree of balance sheet liquidity. The main sign of liquidity is the formal excess of the value of current assets over short-term liabilities. And the greater this excess, the more favorable the financial condition of the enterprise in terms of liquidity.

The relevance of determining balance sheet liquidity acquires particular importance in conditions of economic instability, as well as during the liquidation of an enterprise due to its bankruptcy. Here the question arises: does the enterprise have enough funds to cover its debt. The same problem arises when it is necessary to determine whether the enterprise has enough funds to pay creditors, i.e. the ability to liquidate (repay) debt with available funds. In this case, speaking of liquidity, we mean the presence of working capital at the enterprise in an amount theoretically sufficient to repay short-term obligations.

To analyze the liquidity of an enterprise's balance sheet, asset items are grouped according to the degree of liquidity - from the most quickly converted into money to the least. Liabilities are grouped according to the urgency of payment of obligations. A typical grouping is shown in the table below:

Table. Grouping balance sheet assets and liabilities for liquidity analysis

Assets Liabilities
Group name Designation Compound Group name Designation Compound
Balance until 2011 Balance since 2011 Balance until 2011 Balance since 2011
Most liquid assets A1 page 260 + 250 pp. 1250 + 1240 Most urgent obligations P1 pp. 620 + 630 page 1520
Quickly marketable assets A2 pp. 240 + 270 page 1230 Short-term liabilities P2 pp. 610 + 650 + 660 page 1510 + 1540 + 1550
Slow moving assets A3 pp. 210 + 220 - 216 pp. 1210 + 1220 + 1260 - 12605 Long-term liabilities P3 page 590 page 1400
Hard to sell assets A4 pp. 190 + 230 page 1100 Permanent liabilities P4 pp. 490 + 640 - 216 pp. 1300 + 1530 - 12605
Total assets VA Total liabilities VR

HELL. Sheremet points out the need: deduct expenses not covered by funds and targeted financing, and the amount of settlements with employees for loans they received. Expenses not covered by funds and targeted financing, as well as the excess of settlements with employees on loans received by them over the amount of bank loans, due to the issuance of loans to employees at the expense of special funds of the organization, are reduced when immobilization is subtracted from the value of sources of own funds. If, during the internal analysis, immobilization is detected under the items of other debtors and other assets, the total of quickly realizable assets is also reduced by its amount.(A.D. Sheremet. Comprehensive analysis of economic activity - M.: “Infra - M”, 2009).

To assess balance sheet liquidity taking into account the time factor, it is necessary to compare each asset group with the corresponding liability group.

1) If the inequality A1 > P1 is true, then this indicates the solvency of the organization at the time of drawing up the balance sheet. The organization has enough absolutely and most liquid assets to cover its most urgent obligations.

2) If the inequality A2 > P2 is feasible, then quickly realizable assets exceed short-term liabilities and the organization can be solvent in the near future, taking into account timely settlements with creditors and receipt of funds from the sale of products on credit.

3) If the inequality A3 > P3 is feasible, then in the future, with timely receipt of funds from sales and payments, the organization can be solvent for a period equal to the average duration of one turnover of working capital after the balance sheet date.

Fulfillment of the first three conditions automatically leads to the fulfillment of the condition: A4<=П4

Fulfillment of this condition indicates compliance with the minimum condition for the financial stability of the organization, the availability of its own working capital.

Based on a comparison of groups of assets with the corresponding groups of liabilities, a judgment is made about the liquidity of the enterprise’s balance sheet

A comparison of liquid funds and liabilities allows us to calculate the following indicators:

  • current liquidity, which indicates the solvency (+) or insolvency (-) of the organization for the period of time closest to the moment in question: A1+A2=>P1+P2; A4<=П4
  • prospective liquidity is a forecast of solvency based on a comparison of future receipts and payments: A3>=P3; A4<=П4
  • insufficient level of prospective liquidity: A4<=П4
  • balance is not liquid: A4=>P4

However, it should be noted that the analysis of balance sheet liquidity carried out according to the above scheme is approximate; a more detailed analysis of solvency using financial ratios is performed.

1. Current ratio shows whether the enterprise has enough funds that can be used to pay off its short-term obligations during the year. This is the main indicator of the solvency of an enterprise. The current liquidity ratio is determined by the formula:

K = (A1 + A2 + A3) / (P1 + P2)

In world practice, the value of this coefficient should be in the range of 1-2. Naturally, there are circumstances in which the value of this indicator may be greater, however, if the current liquidity ratio is more than 2-3, this, as a rule, indicates an irrational use of the enterprise’s funds. A value of the current liquidity ratio below one indicates the insolvency of the enterprise.

2. Quick ratio, or the “critical assessment” coefficient, shows how much the liquid assets of the enterprise cover its short-term debt. The quick liquidity ratio is determined by the formula:

K = (A1 + A2) / (P1 + P2)

Liquid assets of an enterprise include all current assets of the enterprise, with the exception of inventory. This indicator determines what proportion of accounts payable can be repaid using the most liquid assets, i.e. it shows what part of the enterprise’s short-term liabilities can be immediately repaid using funds in various accounts, short-term securities, as well as settlement proceeds. The recommended value of this indicator is from 0.7-0.8 to 1.5.

3. Absolute liquidity ratio shows how much of the accounts payable the company can pay off immediately. The absolute liquidity ratio is calculated using the formula:

K = A1 / (P1 + P2)

Shows what portion of short-term liabilities can be immediately repaid using funds in various accounts, short-term securities, as well as proceeds from accounts receivable. The value of this indicator should not fall below 0.2.

4. For a comprehensive assessment of balance sheet liquidity as a whole, it is recommended to use general indicator of liquidity of the enterprise's balance sheet, which shows the ratio of the sum of all liquid funds of the enterprise to the sum of all payment obligations (short-term, long-term, medium-term), provided that various groups of liquid funds and payment obligations are included in the specified amounts with certain weighting coefficients that take into account their significance in terms of the timing of receipt of funds and repayment of obligations. The overall balance sheet liquidity indicator is determined by the formula:

K = (A1 + 0.5*A2 + 0.3*A3) / (P1 + 0.5*P2 + 0.3*P3)

Evaluates changes in the financial situation of the company from the point of view of liquidity. This indicator is used when choosing a reliable partner from a variety of potential partners based on financial statements. The value of this coefficient must be greater than or equal to 1.

5. Own funds ratio shows how much the enterprise has enough of its own working capital necessary for its financial stability. It is defined:

K = (P4 - A4) / (A1 + A2 + A3)

The value of this coefficient must be greater than or equal to 0.1.

6. Functional capital agility coefficient shows how much of the operating capital is contained in inventories. If this indicator decreases, then this is a positive fact. It is determined from the relation:

K = A3 / [(A1+A2+A3) - (P1+P2)]

During the analysis of balance sheet liquidity, each of the considered liquidity ratios is calculated at the beginning and end of the reporting period. If the actual value of the coefficient does not correspond to the normal limit, then it can be estimated by its dynamics (increase or decrease in value). It should be noted that in most cases, achieving high liquidity is at odds with achieving higher profitability. The most rational policy is to ensure the optimal combination of liquidity and profitability of the enterprise.

Along with the above indicators, to assess the state of liquidity, you can use indicators based on cash flows: net cash flow (NCF - Net Cash Flow); cash flow from operating activities (CFO - Cash Flow from Operations); cash flow from operating activities adjusted for changes in working capital (OCF - Operating Cash Flow); cash flow from operating activities, adjusted for changes in working capital and satisfaction of investment needs (OCFI - Operating Cash Flow after Investments); free cash flow (FCF - Free Cash Flow).

At the same time, regardless of the stage of the life cycle at which the enterprise is located, management is forced to solve the problem of determining the optimal level of liquidity, since, on the one hand, insufficient liquidity of assets can lead to both insolvency and possible bankruptcy, and on the other hand, excess liquidity may lead to decreased profitability. Because of this, modern practice requires the emergence of increasingly advanced procedures for analyzing and diagnosing the state of liquidity.

The value of the expression cos (2n / 3) can be found in more than one way. Let's look at the main ones.

Way first.
This method is the simplest of the existing ones. Consists in using the main arguments.

Often, arguments presented in radians are converted to degrees before using this table. This makes it easier to understand the meaning of a function. We use a table in which we can determine the value of the trigonometric function both from the argument in degrees and in radians.
Using the table, we determine the value of the cosine from 2Pi / 3 - this is -1/2.
Mathematically it is written like this:

Method two.
It is convenient to use when there is no table. The method is used to calculate the value of the cosine (or other trigonometric function).


When using a trigonometric circle (or circle), you must remember that the cosine value contains the x-axis. According to the assignment, the argument of the function is 2n / 3. On a circle, this value corresponds to 120 degrees. To calculate the value of the cosine function from this argument, you need to lower the perpendicular to the abscissa axis, after which we get the point -1/2. Therefore, the cosine of 2n/3 is equal to -1/2.

Method three.
If it is not possible to look at the table or use a trigonometric circle, then you can draw. The required value can be determined from it.

1. Territorial zones P-1, P-2, P-3, P-4 are allocated to ensure legal conditions for the use of land plots and capital construction facilities for industrial, municipal and warehouse purposes, housing and communal services facilities, transport facilities, wholesale trade facilities with different environmental impact standards.

2. In production zones, it is allowed to place types of activities and capital construction projects as types of permitted use of land plots (main, conditional, auxiliary) in accordance with the list given in Table 1 of Article 49.

3. Zone "P-1"– an industrial zone intended to accommodate industrial, production and warehouse facilities, engineering infrastructure facilities of hazard class I.

Establishment and organization of sanitary protection zones for industrial, production and warehouse facilities, engineering infrastructure facilities of hazard class I.

4. Zone "P-2"– an industrial zone intended to accommodate industrial, production and warehouse facilities, engineering infrastructure facilities of hazard class II.

The territorial zone is allocated for the purposes of:

Ensuring legal conditions for the use of land plots and capital construction facilities for industrial, production and warehouse purposes, engineering infrastructure facilities with high levels of noise and pollution;

Formation and development of an industrial zone on the territory of the municipality "Yakutsk City" with a green area of ​​at least 30%;

Establishment and organization of sanitary protection zones for industrial, production and warehouse facilities, engineering infrastructure facilities of hazard class II.

5. Zone “P-3” – an industrial zone designed to accommodate industrial, production and warehouse facilities, engineering infrastructure facilities of hazard class III.

The territorial zone is allocated for the purposes of:

Ensuring legal conditions for the use of land plots and capital construction facilities for industrial, production and warehouse purposes, engineering infrastructure facilities with an average level of noise and pollution;

Formation and development of an industrial zone on the territory of the municipality "Yakutsk City" with a green area of ​​at least 30%;

Establishment and organization of sanitary protection zones for industrial, production and warehouse facilities, engineering infrastructure facilities of hazard class III.

6. Zone “P-4” – an industrial zone designed to accommodate municipal, industrial, transport, logistics and warehouse facilities, engineering infrastructure facilities of IV-V hazard classes.

The territorial zone is allocated for the purposes of:

Ensuring legal conditions for the use of land plots and capital construction facilities for municipal, industrial and warehouse purposes, engineering infrastructure facilities not exceeding hazard class IV with low levels of noise and pollution, allowing the placement of a limited set of public and business facilities;

Formation and development of an industrial zone on the territory of the municipality "Yakutsk City" with a green area of ​​at least 30%;

Establishment and organization of sanitary protection zones for industrial, production and warehouse facilities, engineering infrastructure facilities of IV-V hazard classes.

To understand What accounting reports should report on the financial position and results of production activities of an enterprise, it is necessary to refer to financial ratios. Odds Analysis is the study of the relationship between items in different financial statements and different items in the same report. The usefulness of these ratios is due to the fact that they allow you to look at the financial affairs of an enterprise, especially the balance sheet and income statement, from different points of view, and thus expand the information content of the entire financial statements of a particular enterprise. It is with the help of calculations of ratios that attention is concentrated not on the absolute values ​​of items in financial statements, but, more importantly, on liquidity, activity and profitability of resources, financial structure and production results of the enterprise.

Liquidity indicators are financial ratios that reflect the company's ability to pay its daily costs and fulfill short-term obligations in full and on time. In general, under liquidity understand the ability of an economic entity to cover its daily costs and meet short-term obligations as they become due, and the measure of coverage of borrowed funds is understood as solvency. In other words, solvency- the ability to fulfill its external (short-term and long-term) obligations using its assets. This indicator measures financial risk, i.e. probability of bankruptcy.

In general, a business entity is considered solvent if its total assets exceed external liabilities, i.e. The more total assets exceed external liabilities, the higher the degree of solvency.

To assess solvency In addition to the above-mentioned structural analysis of changes in active and passive balance sheet items, the following basic techniques can be used:

Calculation of liquidity ratios;

Assessment of the insolvency (insolvency) of an enterprise.

To calculate liquidity ratios, the assets of an enterprise are grouped according to the degree of liquidity (salesability), and liabilities according to the degree of urgency of their payment into the following groups.

A1. Most liquid assets- these include all items of the enterprise’s funds and short-term financial investments ( securities). This group is calculated as follows:

A1 = page 1240 + page 1250. (15.1)

A2. Quickly marketable assets- accounts receivable:

A2 = page 1230. (15.2)

If the analysis is performed by a person who has the necessary information about the composition and structure of the item under consideration, for example, an accountant-analyst of an enterprise, the assessment can be performed quite accurately: unlikely or completely unrealistic receivables are excluded from the calculation.


In the event that the analysis is carried out by an external user of information, he has to rely on the decoding of receivables in the appendix to the balance sheet and the explanatory note, and in the absence of such information, it is advisable to carefully approach the assessment of the reliability of undisclosed amounts of receivables.

A3. Slow moving assets- items in section II of the balance sheet assets, including inventories, value added tax, and other current assets:

A3 = page 1210 + page 1220 + page. +p.1260. (15.3)

A4. Hard to sell assets- articles of section I of the balance sheet asset - non-current assets:

A4 = page 1100. (15.4)

Balance sheet liabilities are grouped according to the degree of urgency of their payment.

P1. Most urgent obligations- these include accounts payable:

P1 = page 1520. (15.5)

P2. Short-term liabilities- these are short-term borrowed funds, other short-term liabilities:

P2 = page 1510 + page 1550.(15.6)

P3. Long-term liabilities- these are balance sheet items related to IY and Y sections of the balance sheet, i.e. long-term loans and borrowed funds, as well as deferred income, estimated liabilities:

P3 = line 1400 + line 1530 + line 1540. (15.7)

P4. Permanent liabilities- items of the balance sheet section related to Section III “Capital and Reserves”:

P4 = page 1300. (15.8)

The balance is considered absolutely liquid if the following ratios occur (with and without adjustments):

A1 ≥ P1; A2 ≥ P2; A3 ≥ P3; A4 ≤ P4 (15.9)

If the first three inequalities are satisfied in a given system, then this entails the fulfillment of the fourth inequality, so it is important to compare the results of the first three groups for assets and liabilities. The fulfillment of the fourth inequality indicates compliance with the minimum condition for financial stability - the presence of the enterprise's own working capital.

In the case when one or more inequalities of the system have the opposite sign from that fixed in the optimal version, the liquidity of the balance sheet differs to a greater or lesser extent from the absolute value. At the same time, the lack of funds in one group of assets is compensated by their surplus in another group in the valuation; in a real situation, less liquid assets cannot replace more liquid ones.

A comparison of liquid funds and liabilities allows us to calculate the following indicators:

Current liquidity, which indicates the solvency (+) or insolvency (-) of the organization at the closest point in time to the time in question:

Prospective liquidity is a forecast of solvency based on a comparison of future receipts and payments:

Analysis of balance sheet liquidity comes down to checking whether the liabilities in the liabilities side of the balance sheet are covered by assets whose conversion period into cash is equal to the maturity period of the liabilities.

Comparison of results the first group in terms of assets and liabilities, i.e. A1 And P1, reflects the ratio of current payments and receipts (terms up to 3 months). Comparison of the results of the second group by asset and liability, i.e. A 2 and P 2 shows a trend of increasing or decreasing current liquidity in the near future (terms from 3 to 6 months). A comparison of the totals for assets and liabilities for the third and fourth groups reflects the ratio of payments and receipts in the relatively distant future. The analysis carried out according to this scheme fairly fully represents the financial situation from the point of view of the possibilities of timely settlements.

The results of calculations based on the reporting data of ZAO Iskra are given in table. 15.2 . They show that in this organization, a comparison of the results of groups for assets and liabilities at the end of the analyzed year has the following form:

{A1< П1; А2 >P2; A3 > P3; A4>P4}. (15.12)

Based on this, The liquidity of the balance sheet can be characterized as insufficient. The ratio of current payments and receipts for up to 3 months (i.e. A 1 and P 1) negative, i.e. there is not enough cash to meet priority obligations. Moreover, during the analyzed period, the payment shortfall of the most urgent obligations increased (ratio for the first group). At the beginning of the analyzed period the ratio was 0.02 to 1 (258: 13399), at the end of the year the ratio was 0.05 to 1 (952: 20043). This means that at the end of the year, ZAO Iskra could pay only 5% of its short-term obligations, which indicates a constrained financial position. However, a comparison of the results of the second group in terms of assets and liabilities, i.e. A 2 and P 2 shows a trend of increasing liquidity over a period of 3 to 6 months, but by the end of the year it decreased.

The balance sheet liquidity analysis carried out according to the above scheme is approximate. A more detailed analysis of solvency using financial ratios, the calculation algorithm of which is given in Appendix 1 (Table 1), and the calculation is in the table. 15.3.

For a comprehensive assessment of the solvency of the enterprise as a whole, a general indicator of solvency is used, calculated using the following formula:

(15.13)

Table 15.2

Analysis of liquidity of the balance sheet of JSC Iskra

Assets At the beginning of the period At the end of the period Passive At the beginning of the period At the end of the period Payment surplus (+) or deficiency (-)
amount, thousand rubles % amount, thousand rubles % amount, thousand rubles % amount, thousand rubles % at the beginning of the period at the end of the period
Most liquid assets A 1=page(1240+1250) +0,7 +2,3 Most urgent obligations P 1=page 1520 +46,8 +48,5 -13141 -19091
Quickly selling assets A 2=page 1230 +24,0 +7,3 Short-term liabilities P 2=1510+1550 - - - - +6765 +3027
Slow moving assets A 3=page(1210+1220+1260) +4,6 +15,9 Long-term liabilities P 3 = page(1400+1530+ 1540) - - - - +1352 +6536
Hard to sell assets A 4=page 1100 +70,7 +74,5 Permanent liabilities P 4=page 1300 +53,2 +51,5 +5024 +9528
Balance Balance - -

Using this indicator, a general assessment of the change in the financial situation in the organization from the point of view of liquidity is carried out. A change in this indicator can serve as an indicator of choosing the most reliable partner from a variety of potential partners based on reporting.

Based on the balance sheet data of Iskra CJSC in the analyzed enterprise, the coefficients characterizing solvency have the values ​​​​given in table. 15.3